Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): manual for classification and diagnosis for disorders
Perspectives on Causes of Psychological Disorders
- Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud (unconscious conflicts); Carl Jung (collective unconscious); Alfred Adler (inferiority complex, self); Karen Horney (female perspective)
- Humanistic: a lack of social support and inability to fulfill one's potential
- Cognitive: maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions
- Evolutionary: behaviors or mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival
- Sociocultural: maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics
- Biopsychosocial: a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Eclectic approach: using more than one psychological perspective when diagnosing and treating clients (most psychologists employ this approach)
Diathesis-stress model: biological tendency + environmental stress -> onset of disorders
Classification of Disorders
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- ADHD: lacks attention, distractable; sometimes hyperactive
- Autism (ASD): difficulty in communicaiton
- Alzheimer's: decay of memory and other neural functions
Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders
- Delusion (false beliefs; paranoia - someone's gonna harm me; positive symptom)
- Hallucination (false perceptions; most commonly auditory; positive symptoms)
- Disorganized thinking/speech (positive symptoms; word salad - stringing together words in nonsensical ways)
- Negative symptoms: flat affect (a lack of emotions), catatonic stupor (a lack of movement)
- Psychosis: previous general nomination of schizophrenia
Mood Disorders
- Depressive Disorders: major depressive disorder (intense; unable to go to work, etc), persistent depressive disorders (long-lasting, milder than major)
- Bipolar Disorder: mania + depressive; Bipolar I and Bipolar II
- Learned Helplessness: behavioral explanation for depression (past hostile environment)
- Pessimistic Explanatory Style: cognitive explanation for depression (I can't overcome)
- Dopamine hypothesis: imbalances of certain neurotransmitters cause schizophrenia
Anxiety Disorders
- Panic Disorder: sudden onset, intense sympathetic nervous system reactions
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): prolonged feeling of anxiety, no specific target
- Agoraphobia: fear of open spaces and social situations)
- Specific Phobia: fear of specific object or situation; acrophobia - heights; arachnophobia - spiders)
- Social Anxiety Disorder: intense fear of being judged or watched by others; Taijin kyofusho is a culture-bound anxiety - Japanese fearing others judge their bodies as undesirable or offensive
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Obsession (unwanted, intrusive thoughts) + Compulsion (repeated, ritualistic behavior)
Dissociative Disorders (Dissociated Amnesia with/out Fugue; Dissociative Identity Disorder): dissociations from consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, behavior; "split personality"
PTSD: repeated nightmares, intrusive reliving of traumatic events, change in temper
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia nervosa: eating disorders, starving oneself to lose weight, common in teenagers
- Bullimia nervosa: eating disorders, eating too much and then throwing up/laxatives/exercising
Substance Abuse Disorder: Alcohol Dependence Disorder
Personality Disorders: long-lasting patterns, doesn't necessarily affect life or normal functioning, but often is damaging to interpersonal relationship
- Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric
- Paranoid (suspicious, mistrust, sensitive)
- Schizoid (cold)
- Schizotypal (odd; suspicious, hostile)
- Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic
- Histrionic (seek attention, overreact)
- Narcissistic (grandiose/self-important, expects special treatment, can't take criticism)
- Borderline (unstable emotions, impulsive)
- Antisocial (no empathy, no remorse, violent)
- Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful
- Avoidant (sensitive to rejection, withdrawn)
- Dependent (lacks confidence, wants others to make decisions)
- Obsessive-Compulsive (preoccupied with rules and schedules, conventional, insensitive)