Meta-analytic Studies: psychotherapies are generally effective
Evidence-based interventions: such as building a therapeutic alliance
Ethics: nonmaleficence, fidelity, integrity, and respect for people's rights and dignity
Deinstitutionalization: releases patients into community after increased use and effectiveness of medication
Insight Therapy (Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Approach): brings unconscious/repressed feelings into consciousness
- Psychoanalysis: free association, dream interpretation, defense mechanism, repression, catharsis (releasing repressed emotions), transference (client transfer emotions about other people onto therapist/analyst), countertransference (therapist/analyst transfer emotions about other people onto client)
- Humanistic Approach: fosters self-acceptance and self worth
- Client/Person-Centered Therapy: unconditional positive regard, self-actualization, real self, ideal self; active listening, empathy
Behavioral Therapy
- Exposure Therapy (classical conditioning; extinction of feared stimuli)
- Flooding: direct confrontation with feared stimuli until the anxiety settles
- Systematic Desensitization: anxiety hierarchy (clients rate levels of anxiety), step by step, working from the least anxiety-provoking to the most anxiety-provoking
- Aversive conditioning: uses unpleasant stimuli to train avoidance/aversion of something
- Behavioral (Operant Conditioning): corrects maladaptive behavior
- Behavior Modification: shaping, operant, step by step, easiest to hardest behavior
- Token Economy: reward behavior with secondary reinforcer (can be exchanged for primary reinforcer)
- Biofeedback: operant, trains self to calm down through self-monitoring physiological response
- Social Skill Training: improve social skills through instructions and exercises, often in groups
- Modeling: imitate others to learn skills
Cognitive Therapies: corrects irrational/maladaptive thoughts & behavior; cognitive restructuring, fear hierarchies
- Cognitive-Behavior Therapies: combines cognitive and behavioral techniques
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy: focuses on skills to manage intense emotions, cope with challenges, and improve relationships; mindfulness training
- Rational Emotive Therapy: ABC (Action-Belief-Consequence)
Biological Approach
- Antidepresssants: SSRIs; depression
- Lithium: bipolar
- Antianxiety: anxiolytics/tranquilizers; benzodiazepines
- Antipsychotics: tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of taking antipsychotic medicine
- Psychosurgery: invasive surgical operation to remove affected brain tissues, may involve lesioning
- Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT): "shock therapy", last resort for severe depression
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): painless, often effective for severe depression
- Prefrontal Lobotomy (outdated treatment)
Hypnosis: effective for treating pain and anxiety; not effective for retrieving accurate memories ore regressing in age
Cross-Cultural Therapy: addresses conflicts that arise because of cultural differences
Primary intervention (Prevention Approach) (prevention for mental health issues; usually by community psychologist)
Therapy Mode
- Individual Therapy
- Couple Therapy: marriage / parenting issues
- Group Therapy: more affordable, allows clients to see that their issues are not unique
- Self-Help Group: no therapist involved, AA (Alcohol Anonymous)