Social Development
- Temperament: natural disposition or mood (easy - calm, friendly, difficult - irritable, moody)
- Harry Harlow's monkey: attachment, importance of comfort in bonding
- Separation anxiety: heightened anxiety or fear when away from caregiver or with strangers
- Attachment Style: secure, anxious, avoidant, ambivalent (Ainsworth's strange situation test); can affect how adults form attachment to other adults
- Parenting Style: authoritative (best), authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved; Baumrind
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development
- Milestones: the task that individuals must accomplish for each stage
- Trust vs Mistrust: 0-1 (attachment)
- Autonomy vs Shame: 1-2 (walking, toilet)
- Initiative vs Guilt: 3-5 (play)
- Industry vs Inferiority: 6-12 (homework)
- Identity vs Role confusion: 12-20 (peer)
- Intimacy vs Isolation: 21-40 (romance)
- Generativity vs Stagnation: 40-65 (work, offspring)
- Integrity vs Despair: 65+ (whole life: good or not)
Identity formation: (1) achievement, (2) diffusion, (3) foreclosure, (4) moratorium
Gender Development
- Sex: biological
- Gender: social
- Sexual Orientation: nature + nurture
- Gender Schema: cognitive framework for gender
- Gender Role: society expectations, performance
- Gender Stereotypes: based on gender roles
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
- Microsystem (direct contacts)
- Mesosystem (groups, school, community)
- Exosystem (indirect factors)
- Macrosystem (cultural events)
- Chronosystem (individual's current stage of life)
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): childhood adversity can affect relationships people form throughout the lifespan