Generalized intelligence (g factor; Spearman) vs. Multiple intelligences (Visual-spatial, Linguistic-verbal, Logical-mathematical, Body-kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic; Gardner)
Abstract/Verbal Measures of Intelligence
- Alfred Binet: early intelligence testing, invented IQ to identify student needs for teaching
- Intelligence quotient (IQ*) = mental age/chronological age * 100
- Factor analysis: research method to find out what responses/traits/abilities are "clusters"; Raymond Cattell
Speed of Processing
- Fluid vs Crystallized intelligence: ability to solve new problems vs accumulated experience; Raymond Cattell
Emotional intelligence: the ability to be aware of, identify and control your own/other's emotions
Heredity vs Environment: both influence intelligence; heritability
Flynn effect: intelligence slowly increases through generations because of education
Standardized Tests
- Normed; renorming
- Reliability (test-retest, split-half, interrater)
- Validity: face validity, content validity, construct validity, criterion-related/predictive validity
- Achievement vs Aptitude Test: knowledge (e.g. AP) vs prediction of performance (e.g. SAT)
Growth mindset vs fixed mindset: belief about whether intelligence is fixed from birth or malleable due to experience can affect academic achievement
Stereotype threat: intelligence performance can decrease because of activated stereotype