Behavioral psychology: focused on observable behaviors, not mental processes
Association/Acquisition
- Before: US -> UR, NS -> no UR;
- US = unconditioned stimulus (meat), UR = unconditioned response (salivation), NS = neutral stimulus (bell)
- Pairing: NS + US = UR
- Paired/Acquired: CS -> CR
- CS = conditioned stimulus (bell), CR = conditioned response (salivation)
- Ivan Pavlov: dog salivation, classical conditioning
- Generalization: respond to similar things to CS (after learning to fear rat, also fear other animals)
- Discrimination: learns to differentiate similar things (learn to only respond to red circle, not to red squares)
- Higher-order Learning: conditioning upon acquired conditiong (use acquired bell (CS) to let dogs learn to salivate to music)
- Extinction: CS repeatedly presented without US, CR no longer happens (unpaired)
- Spontaneous Recovery: after extinction, sometimes NS makes UR appear again (for no reason)
Counterconditioning: a behavioral therapy that replaces existing associations with new ones
Aversive Conditioning: learn to disgust a stimulus (classical) or reinforcer (operant)
- Taste Aversion: learning to disgust a taste
- Biological Preparedness: some conditioning are easier to occur because of biological preparedness, e.g. Garcia Effect illustrates the biological preparedness for taste aversion